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- WORLD, Page 28SOVIET UNIONDespair in the Barracks
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- The Soviet military is beginning to fall apart -- even if the
- new commonwealth wants to keep it unified
-
- By MICHAEL S. SERRILL -- Reported by James Carney/Moscow and
- Sally B. Donnelly/Los Angeles
-
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- As the Soviet Union disintegrated, the military seemed to
- be about the only central institution that might survive
- relatively intact. The very picture of unity, order and
- discipline, it was the force everyone courted to approve -- or
- wreck -- plans for the new commonwealth.
-
- But the military's solidity is illusory. Ever dependent on
- Moscow center to feed an enormous appetite for men and materiel,
- the armed forces find they cannot sustain themselves. They have
- struggled through five years of political disparagement and
- military failure, and they have watched their privileges and
- perks dwindle away. Now "the collapse is finally happening,"
- says Dr. Patrick Parker, an analyst at the Naval Postgraduate
- School in California. "The economic destruction of the Soviet
- Union is having a massive effect."
-
- Conscription has broken down in some areas, and the
- desertion rate is rising. Pay is so meager that soldiers have
- resorted to selling military equipment on the black market. Fuel
- shortages are so dire that many ships and submarines have been
- forced to return to their home ports. Planes, ships and tanks
- are being cannibalized for spare parts. Thousands of demobilized
- troops from Eastern Europe are stranded without adequate housing
- and benefits in shabby tent cities. Morale is at a nadir. "The
- military is absolutely shell shocked," says Dale Herspring of
- the Smithsonian Institution's Woodrow Wilson Center. "Cohesion
- is so destroyed that they couldn't mount a coup even if some
- officers wanted to."
-
- Though traditionally loath to involve themselves in
- politics, military personnel are angrily demanding more respect.
- "The army is fed up with uncertainty, with humiliation. It
- wants its dignity restored," says Russian Information Minister
- Mikhail Poltoranin.
-
- One dangerous potential source of conflict among soldiers
- arises from the insistence by the republics on fielding their
- own armies. According to a source who attended the meeting last
- week between Russian President Boris Yeltsin and top Soviet
- generals, the military leaders agreed to allow the republics to
- create land units, while the navy, air force and all nuclear
- units would remain under unified commonwealth command. But
- whether the old army, which includes many conscripts, will be
- splintered by nationalism is still an urgent question.
-
- There are 3.7 million Soviet soldiers, sailors and air
- force personnel, down from 5 million, but still the largest
- military force in the world. Although some units have been
- pulled back into Russia as the Soviet empire has shrunk, many
- remain virtually marooned in far-flung outposts defending a
- U.S.S.R. that no longer exists: 260,000 Soviet troops in eastern
- Germany, 45,000 in Poland, 120,000 in the independent Baltic
- states of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The Fourth Army remains
- billeted in Azerbaijan, its unhappy assignment to prevent
- bloodshed between militant Azerbaijanis and Armenians -- two
- peoples who are no longer under the aegis of Moscow.
-
- Living conditions for the troops are grim. Officers
- stationed in the Ukrainian town of Vitebsk have set up
- housekeeping in a stable. Soldiers in what was then called the
- Leningrad Military District built pigsties and planted vegetable
- gardens last spring so they would be assured of having food this
- winter. Barracks across the country have run out of new
- clothing, as well as medical supplies, parachutes and gasoline.
-
- More than 10,000 officers' families in Moscow lack homes
- of their own; one group of these uniformed homeless confronted
- the Moscow city council last February to demand living
- quarters. Access for officers to special stores, travel abroad
- and choice apartments has disappeared. Wages are being battered
- at every level by inflation. A Soviet conscript earns seven
- rubles a month, while a kilo of sausages costs 87 rubles. "What
- do you expect of the army if a colonel -- a colonel! -- is paid
- less than a bus driver?" asks an officer bitterly.
-
- Thousands of soldiers mustered out of the army are unable
- to find jobs or housing. Plans to cut the military by 700,000
- will add even more people to the list. "Living space -- that's
- the question that gives me no peace, day or night," Defense
- Minister Yevgeni Shaposhnikov said last month in a newspaper
- interview.
-
- Many analysts see a real possibility that this large group
- of disgruntled troops could form the backbone of a popular
- backlash. Viktor Minin, the head of the Soviet parliament's
- commission on national security, told Krasnaya Zvezda, the
- military newspaper, that 150,000 recently discharged officers
- and soldiers, "highly organized and politicized," might lead "a
- social explosion that could sweep away democracy and the free
- market." One sign of rebellion has already appeared: military
- personnel are refusing to leave regions such as the Baltics,
- where they are comfortably fed and housed.
-
- Once the proud guardian of the revolution and the
- protector of the sacred motherland against Nazi invasion, the
- military finds itself in dire straits, with nowhere to go for
- help. It "has turned into some kind of 16th republic -- hungry,
- badly organized, badly armed and supplied," says Minin. And like
- the other ailing republics, this one will need some careful
- political nurturing lest some of its members split away and
- become renegades.
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